Objective To investigate the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitution types in patients infected with the Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) locally transmitted in Shanghai, China, and to provide a TCM constitution basis for establishing the key population for nucleic acid screening and normalized nucleic acid detection. Methods A TCM constitution scale was designed to investigate the TCM constitution of the patients infected with the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 who were admitted to Anhui Mobile Cabin Hospital of Shanghai Huaboyuan, and general information and TCM constitution data were entered into a TCM clinical data collection platform to perform a statistical analysis. Results Among the 220 patients with asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, 163 remained asymptomatic throughout the course of the infection and 57 changed from asymptomatic infection to mild infection. Among the 163 patients who remained asymptomatic throughout the course of the infection, 141 (86.5%) had normal constitution and 22 (13.5%) had biased constitution, while among the 57 patients who changed from asymptomatic infection to mild infection, 3 (5.3%) had normal constitution and 54 (94.7%) had biased constitution. There were significant differences in the distribution rates of normal constitution and biased constitution between the two groups (P<0.05), and the patients who remained asymptomatic throughout the course of the infection had a significantly higher distribution rate of normal constitution than those who changed from asymptomatic infection to mild infection (P<0.05). For the patients who remained asymptomatic throughout the course of the infection, normal constitution was the only type of constitution with a frequency of >10%,while for those who changed from asymptomatic infection to mild infection, there were four types of constitution with a frequency of >10%,among which damp-heat constitution had the highest frequency, followed by Qi-stagnation constitution,phlegm-dampness constitution, and Qi-deficiency constitution. Compared with the patients who changed from asymptomatic infection to mild infection, the patients who remained asymptomatic throughout the course of the infection had significantly lower distribution rates of phlegm-dampness constitution, damp-heat constitution, Qi-stagnation constitution, and Qi-deficiency constitution (P<0.05). Conclusion For the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Shanghai, the change from asymptomatic infection to mild infection is closely associated with biased constitution and underlying diseases. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant tend to have an insidious onset in the population with normal constitution, and therefore, such population should be the key population for nucleic acid screening and normalized nucleic acid detection.