Moutan Cortex is a commonly used Chinese medicinal material characterized by a bitter and pungent flavor and slightly cold nature. Moutan Cortex belongs to the heart, liver, and kidney meridians, with the main effects of clearing heat and cooling the blood as well as activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Moutan Cortex was first recorded in Shennongs Classic of the Materia Medica. Subsequent materia medica texts across various dynasties elaborated on its aliases, places of origin, morphological characteristics of the original plants, and the methods of harvesting, processing, and concocting. Based on historical records from materia medica and classical prescription texts, this study systematically examined and organized the name, primordial origin, change of place of origin, and harvesting, processing, and concocting methods of Moutan Cortex. This study provides a basis for the clinical application of Moutan Cortex and the research and development of modern medicines.