Objective To identify the original plants and their roots of six medicinal plants of Patrinia, Valerianaceae. Methods Morphological identification, microscopic characteristic identification, and microscopic identification were used for the comparison and identification of the root, stem, peduncle, flower, and fruit of six plants. Results Patrinia scabiosaefolia had no fruit bracts and had rough hair on the peduncle at one side, with most clusters arranged in lines or scattered in cells. Patrinia villosa and Patrinia punctiflora had two rows of rough hair on the stem, with white or yellow-white flowers and few clusters. Patrinia monandra had soft rough hair on the rootless peduncle, with many clusters. Patrinia heterophylla had short rough hair on the peduncle, with many stone cells and obvious lamination. Patriniarupestrishad three main veins on the fruit bracts, slightly rough hair on the peduncle, and few stone cells. Conclusion Six medicinal plants of Patrinia can be identified based on their properties, microscopic characteristics, and microscopic features.